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An ore containing niobium (Nb), often found alongside tantalite and used as a primary source of niobium.

Niobium extracted from columbite is used in high-strength steel alloys for pipelines, jet engines, and structural materials. It’s also critical in superconductors, electronics, and capacitors. The aerospace industry relies on niobium-based alloys due to their high temperature resistance.

Found as columbite ore concentrate, ferro-niobium (FeNb) alloy, and pure niobium metal (ingots, powder, or bars)

A corrosion-resistant metal used primarily in nuclear reactors, ceramics, and alloys.

Essential in nuclear fuel cladding due to its low neutron absorption. Zirconium dioxide (zirconia) is used in ceramics, dental implants, and cutting tools. It is also present in high-performance alloys for aerospace, chemical processing, and military applications.

Available as zircon ore (zircon sand), zirconium oxide (zirconia, ZrO₂), zirconium sponge (metallic form), and zirconium alloys

A highly corrosion-resistant metal used in electronics, aerospace, and medical implants.

Tantalum capacitors are widely used in smartphones, laptops, and industrial electronics. It is also found in superalloys for jet engines, chemical-resistant coatings, and biomedical implants due to its biocompatibility.

Found as tantalite ore concentrate, tantalum pentoxide (Ta₂O₅) for electronics, pure tantalum ingots and sheets, and tantalum carbide for cutting tools.

A semiconductor and optical material used in fiber optics, infrared optics, and electronics.

Widely used in fiber optic cables for telecommunications, infrared optics in night vision systems, and solar panels for high-efficiency space applications. Germanium is also used in radiation detectors and PET scanners in medical imaging.

Found as germanium dioxide (GeO₂), zone-refined germanium metal (ultra-pure ingots or wafers), and germanium tetrachloride (GeCl₄) for fiber optics.

A soft, silvery metal primarily used in semiconductors, LEDs, and solar panels.

Gallium arsenide (GaAs) and gallium nitride (GaN) are critical in high-frequency semiconductors, LEDs, and laser diodes. GaN is used in 5G technology, power electronics, and military radar systems due to its efficiency at high voltages. Gallium is also used in CIGS thin-film solar panels and medical imaging.

Sold as high-purity gallium metal (99.99%+), gallium arsenide (GaAs) wafers, gallium nitride (GaN) powders and wafers, and gallium oxide (Ga₂O₃) for electronic applications.

A high-melting-point metal used primarily in nuclear reactors and superalloys.

Crucial in nuclear control rods due to its ability to absorb neutrons. Hafnium is also used in jet engine superalloys, plasma-cutting electrodes, and as a key component in high-performance semiconductor transistors.

Found as hafnium sponge (purified metal form), hafnium oxide (HfO₂) for semiconductors, and hafnium alloys (Hf-Ti, Hf-Nb, etc.).

A soft, silvery metal used in touchscreens, semiconductors, and coatings.

Indium tin oxide (ITO) is critical for touchscreens, LCD displays, and solar panels due to its transparency and conductivity. Indium is also used in solder alloys, semiconductors, and thermal interface materials. It has applications in nuclear control panels and aerospace coatings.

Available as indium ingots, indium tin oxide (ITO) powder and coatings, and indium solder alloys

A rare earth metal mainly used in green phosphors, magnets, and solid-state devices.

It enhances permanent magnets (NdFeB) for EV motors and wind turbines, improves efficiency in fluorescent and LED lighting, and is used in solid-state fuel cells. It also plays a role in defense and high-performance sensors.

Found as terbium oxide (Tb₄O₇) for phosphors and magnets, terbium metal ingots, and terbium alloys (used in magnetostrictive materials like Terfenol-D).

A rare earth element known for its high-temperature magnetic stability.

Critical for high-temperature magnets (NdFeB with Dy) used in EV motors, wind turbines, and military applications. Dysprosium is also used in nuclear control rods, data storage devices, and magnetostrictive alloys for sonar systems.

Found as dysprosium oxide (Dy₂O₃) for magnets, dysprosium metal ingots, and dysprosium-iron (Dy-Fe) alloy used in NdFeB magnets.